The Papal States, otherwise known as the Papal States or the Church, the Papal States or even the ecclesiastical state, is the name of an entity state taken from historical territory under the temporal power of popes. He began to comply since the Byzantine era, when, with the establishment of the Roman duchy (the last decades of the sixth century), the figure of the pope was the first to flank, then to replace, that of dux of appointment in the imperial civil functions of the latter (and in some cases military). The donation Sutri (728), the promissio carisiaca (754) and the Constitutio Roman (824) were many milestones in the genesis of the Papal States from simple private ownership of land character of the Church became one of the most influential political organizations and prestigious in Europe. The international projection of that State in the Middle Ages and the first two centuries of the modern age went far beyond the territorial limits the historical circumstances had assigned. The Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Crown of Aragon, the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Hungary, were his vassals kings and emperors, and sometimes had to prostrate in front of his sovereign, the Pope, after more than one thousand years existence of the Papal States dissolved in 1870, following its annexation of the last stretches of land, Roma and Lazio, at the dawning Kingdom of Italy.
the nineteenth century and the Napoleonic
The Napoleonic invasion upset the balance of eighteenth-century Italian ee the Papal States in danger of disappearing completely. In 1797, the Treaty of Tolentino, Napoleon was recognized by Pope Pius VI to France the sale of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin (There is already some years before the revolutionary age) and, to the Cisalpine Republic, the annexation of Bologna, Ferrara and Romagna. In 1798 was proclaimed the short-lived Republic, historically known as the Roman Republic (1798-1799) and the pope, deposed, was forced into exile. A decade later, the Holy See was forced to cede the Marches (1808) to the satellite state of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. In 1809 the Papal States was formally abolished by Napoleon. With the Restoration and recovery of the temporal power of the new pope, Pius VII, the Church lost much of the exclaves Ferrara and French, but escaped disaster, managing to survive for another half century.
In those years, Pope Pius VII developed a new administrative division of the Papal States by the motu proprio "When admirable provision for" [6] July 6, 1816, which envisaged the establishment of the following provinces (in brackets the capital), divided legations and in delegations:
Comarca di Roma (Rome);
Legation of Bologna (Bologna);
Legation Ravenna (Ravenna);
Legation of Ferrara (Ferrara);
Legation Forlì (Forlì);
Delegation of Pesaro and Urbino (Urbino),
Delegation of Ancona (Ancona);
Delegation of Macerata (Macerata);
Delegation of Fermo (Fermo);
Delegation of Camerino (Camerino);
of Ascoli ( Ascoli);
Delegation of Perugia (Perugia);
Delegation of Spoleto (Spoleto);
Delegation of Viterbo (Viterbo);
Delegation of Civitavecchia (Civitavecchia);
Delegation of Rieti (Rieti);
Delegation of Frosinone (Frosinone);
Legation Vellore (Vellore) (established in 1832). Ever since
spreading of the French Revolution had gone, in social groups of the population more educated and progressive, liberal ideas, they found food and spread further in the following decades, at the time of the Roman Republic and the Napoleonic era. After the Restoration, the impatience of the papal government, and is frequently increased in some areas the illness took the form of open rebellion, a reaction that caused the birth of bands Sanfedists who tried to fight it with the use of force . The situation sometimes degenerated into armed clashes that brought more disrepute, however, that support the papal authority: in Romagna was the famous and infamous gang leader and adventurer Virginio Alps, which operated in the area between Forli and Faenza.
For some time many hopes were pinned on the Pope Pius IX, who at first seemed to satisfy the aspirations of many liberals and Neo-Guelphism his subjects and also of many Italian patriots. Among the measures that initially secured the new pope, a broad popular consensus, there were the release of all those who had been imprisoned for political reasons and the input of lay ministers in the government.
The end came as a result of the process of unification of Italy. In 1859-1860, through plebiscites, Marche, Umbria and Emilia Romagna were detached from the Papal States, then in 1870 it was annexed to Italy Lazio also with the seizure of Rome by parte dei bersaglieri di Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia: liberazione secondo l'ottica italiana, usurpazione secondo quella pontificia. La rottura tra la Chiesa e lo Stato italiano durò fino al 1929, quando con la firma dei Patti Lateranensi venne creata la Città del Vaticano che restituì una minima sovranità territoriale alla Santa Sede. Tale sovranità potrebbe dar luogo a considerare la Città del Vaticano come un vero e proprio stato successore (o fra gli stati successori, insieme al Regno d'Italia) dell'antico Stato Pontificio. Il tema divide tuttora gli storici e continua ad essere oggetto di dibattito.
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